System for Monitoring and Inspecting Vehicle Emissions Levels for Compliance

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for reporting data based on monitored emissions levels. An exemplary system automatically provides emissions level data acquired from an engine operating in a roadway vehicle while the vehicle is in motion. Data is made available for vehicle approval by a roadway inspection authority. For example, NOx emissions may be monitored with a sensor positioned in the engine exhaust flow path. Embodiments of the invention provide solutions to reduce time delays associated with inspections.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/166,884, filed May 27, 2015. This application is related toU.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/690,719, filed Apr. 20, 2015.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to emissions control management forinternal combustion engines and, more specifically, to systems andmethods which report vehicle exhaust emissions levels to assurecompliance and avoid non-compliant status.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Development and deployment of technology to achieve air qualityemissions limits is generally recognized as burdensome on the economy.This may be especially true for commercial ground transportation (e.g.,the trucking industry) because Compression Ignition (CI) engines presenta more difficult set of technical challenges in relation to control ofcertain emissions such as NO₂ and NO₃ (referred to herein as NO_(x))than challenges presented by Spark Ignition (SI) engines. Compliance ofCI engines with current and future emissions levels requires furtheradvancements in combustion treatment technologies specific and unique toCI engines.

In addition to purchase and maintenance of emissions control equipment,operator costs of compliance are impacted by multiple factors that causeNO_(x) emissions from a CI engine to change without warning. Theseinclude changes in driving conditions and changes in engine performance(such as caused by normal wear or unanticipated need for maintenance,including leaks or ineffective post-combustion treatment). There arealso substantial costs associated with regular monitoring of vehicleemissions for compliance and enforcement. The costs of compliance areimpacted by the way emissions control equipment is maintained.

The costs of compliance are also impacted by the way compliance ismonitored. In many political regions enforcement of NO_(x) emissionsstandards for operation of CI trucks is normally had by routinemonitoring of exhaust NO_(x) emissions levels at inspection stations. Inthe United States, this occurs after a vehicle, in route to aninterstate destination, crosses political boundaries. Emissionsinspections often impose substantial delays in vehicle transit. In part,this may be because, prior to undergoing an inspection, the vehicleoperator is not aware if a vehicle is non-compliant with emissionslimits. Failure to meet emissions level limits can subject the vehicleto delays and monetary penalties.

Systems and methods are provided for reporting data based on monitoredemissions levels. Embodiments of the invention provide solutions toreduce time delays associated with inspections. An exemplary systemprovides emissions level data acquired from an engine operating in aroadway vehicle while the vehicle is in motion. The data is madeavailable for vehicle approval by a roadway inspection authority. Asensor mounted on the vehicle receives signals indicative of emissionslevel information from the engine. For example, NOx emissions may bemonitored with a sensor positioned in the engine exhaust flow path. Aprocessor based control module, mounted on the vehicle, is coupled toreceive and process the signals while the vehicle is in motion. Alsowhile the vehicle is in motion, emissions level information is generatedfor transmission while the vehicle is in motion. A radio communicationssystem is connected, e.g., via a modem, to transmit data received fromthe control module to a network for receipt by the inspection authority.In an embodiment of a related method, emissions level compliance isdetermined for the roadway vehicle by acquiring emissions data from oneor more sensors mounted on the vehicle. The sequentially acquiredemissions data is stored or processed on the vehicle to provideemissions reporting information for receipt by the inspection authority.

The emissions reporting information is transmitted for approval via aradio link between the vehicle and a network to which the inspectionauthority is connected to receive the emissions reporting information.In application, inspection authorities in different political units mayrequest different data or differing presentations of data. It may berequested that only the most recently acquired data be provided. Forexample, the inspection authority may request records of actual datacollected over a most recent thirty minute period with vehicle speeddata, as well as peak, minimum and average emissions levels as well asvariance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

These and other features of the invention will be better understood whenthe following written description is read with reference to theaccompanying drawings in which like reference numbers reference likeparts throughout, and wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an automated emissions compliance reporting (AECR)system for monitoring and reporting emissions data according to anembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 2 is a block diagram schematically illustrating exemplarycomponents of a vehicle monitoring and reporting (VMAR) system.

In accord with common practice, the various features described in thewritten description are not drawn to scale on the figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides solutions to reduce time delays associated withinspections and enables improved measurement procedures to determinevehicle compliance with emissions levels. FIG. 1 illustrates applicationof an automated emissions compliance reporting (AECR) system 2 accordingto an embodiment of the invention. The AECR system operates over anetwork 3 which acquires emissions related data, including datatransmitted to network nodes at inspection facilities 4. The data followcommon protocols for identifying vehicles 6 enrolled to automaticallyreport emissions data through radio communication. The system 2 enablestransmission of emissions data 8 in a designated report format fordetermining environmental compliance of a vehicle 6 while traveling overa roadway. The illustrated vehicle 6 is a heavy truck which operateswith a CI engine 7 burning diesel fuel. The emissions data is collectedon board the vehicle 6 and the data are initially transmitted over awireless link between the vehicle 6 and a network server 10 whichcompletes a remote compliance inspection of the vehicle by determiningwhether one or more criteria for emissions level requirements are met.The server 10 may provide the emissions data or related information toother nodes on the network 3. A compliance determination is made whilethe vehicle approaches the inspection facility 4 of a particular roadwayauthority. The authority may check for compliance with requirementsspecific to the political unit in which the authority acts, or mayoperate with a set of uniform requirements adopted by neighboringpolitical units or a higher level of government authority. The server 10may be specific to a network operated by or for the entire roadwayauthority or may be part of a local network specific to the illustratedinspection facility 4. In the example embodiment the server 10 operatesover some or all of the larger network 3 in which the AECR system 2operates, and may support inspection facilities across multiplepolitical boundaries which may have different compliance criteria. Asused herein, reference to differing compliance criteria refers toemissions levels specified by laws or regulations in different politicalunits, or to methods or criteria (e.g., test procedures) applied by aroadway authority to establish that compliance is within limitsestablished by law or regulation.

A tower antenna 12 positioned along the roadway is connected to atransceiver system 14 associated with the inspection facility 4. Thetransceiver system 14 operates in a common frequency band for point topoint transmittal of digital data, e.g., 900 MHz, with vehicles enrolledto automatically report emissions data through the AECR system 2. Thesystem 14 periodically beacons an identifying radio signal 16, unique tothe inspection facility 4, to an antenna 18 on the vehicle 6 and toother oncoming traffic approaching the facility 4. The identifying radiosignal 16 contains (i) a system identifier 20 for the AECR system 6,indicating the facility 4 is a participant on a node of the system 6,(ii) the node address 22 for the specific facility 4 being approached bythe vehicle 6, to which a compliance report 26 is to be sent and (iii)designation of one or more sets of protocols, P, defining how emissionsdata is to be compiled and analyzed in the compliance report 26.

The AECR system 2 is described for an example of monitoring vehiclespowered with CI engines for compliance with regulated NOx emissionslevels, but this is only exemplary of monitored data. Other vehicletypes, such as those using spark ignition may be monitored. Otheremissions data or vehicle operations information (e.g., fuel economy)may also be monitored on board the vehicle and transmitted to theroadway authority. Referring also to the schematic diagram of FIG. 2,the vehicle 6 is equipped with a vehicle monitoring and reporting (VMAR)system 30 which includes a NO_(x) sensor 34 (e.g., mounted in the engineexhaust system), one or more additional sensors 36 providing informationindicative of engine operation, a processing module 38, a display 40, atransceiver 42 tuned and coupled through the antenna 18 to communicatewith the transceiver system 14 of the inspection facility 4, and anannunciator 44. A suitable NOx sensor for monitoring NOx emissions isthe Smart NOx Sensor, also referred to as the UniNOx-Sensor availablefrom Continental Trading GmbH Krupsrtasse 105, 60388 Frankfurt am MainGermany.

The exemplary processing module 38 is a conventional computer processingunit having a microprocessor 46, volatile memory 48 and data storage 50.In other embodiments the processing module may be a programmable logiccontroller (PLC) or a PIC microcontroller (PIC). The processing module38 includes a monitoring and analysis program 52 loaded from the storage50 into memory 48. Execution of the program 52 by the microprocessor 46acquires and converts digital signals transmitted on a CANbus or SPI busa NO_(x) levels, either using an algorithm or a conversion table loadedinto memory from the data storage medium. The sensor data and the NO_(x)levels are initially accumulated in memory, and then periodicallywritten to storage 50. The program 52 compiles and processes sensor datafor analyses, determination of data features such as maximum levels,formats and issues the compliance reports 26 for delivery to the server10 for automated approval by the server.

The VMAR system 30 automatically writes NOx emissions level dataacquired from the CI engine to data storage 50. In one measurementsequence, the emissions data is collected while the vehicle is moving atnormal carrier speeds on the roadway. The processing module isprogrammed to periodically read and store sensor data, e.g., every fiveseconds while the engine is running. Accumulated emissions data isperiodically processed to acquire running averages, maximum values,minimum values and variances over multiple time periods, e.g., duringand immediately preceding thirty minute period and during each precedinghour. The processor module may also accumulate engine operating data(speed, intake manifold pressure, fuel consumption, etc.) with the oneor more other sensors 36 to confirm that data is acquired underacceptable conditions. The VMAR system 30 is also programmed to providemultiple types of compliance reports to suit varying requirements ofdifferent roadway authorities or political units. For example, if theroadway authority has specified a compliance report 26 only containingdata collected within a limited period of time before the vehicletransceiver 42 receives the identifying radio signal 16, then theprogram 52 prepares a compliance report 26 based only on data acquiredduring the specified time period to generate maximum values, minimumvalues, averages and variances. Also, recognizing that many roadwayauthorities routinely perform no-load stationary emissions tests withportable meters (e.g., with the engine running at nearly full throttle),the roadway authority may specify a compliance report which includescorrelation data based on emissions data acquired under comparableconditions (e.g., with the vehicle stationary and out of gear). Theroadway authority may impose other specific test conditions whenacquiring sensor data. For example, a specific range of speedrequirements may be imposed on the vehicle 6, and noncompliance mayresult if the reported vehicle speeds are outside the required range.

The processing module sends status information to the display 40 and theannunciator 44, located in the vehicle driver compartment, in the formof visual display and audio information. The information made availableto the driver through the annunciator from the processing module 38 mayinclude any or all of the following: sensor data, alerts based ondeterminations of emissions level non-compliance, trends identified inthe sensor data that indicate need for maintenance, other alerts basedon data trends, and warnings of possible future non-compliance based on,for example, predictive modelling. A related feature of the system isthe sending of alerts from the server 10 via the transceiver system 14through the processing module and to the annunciator 44 to provideauditory alerts. Based on the report 26, an alert may, for example,advise the driver that non-compliance has been identified and immediateaction must be taken. In other embodiments, communication between thetransceiver 42 on the vehicle 6 and the transceiver system 14 of theinspection facility 4 may occur via any of multiple well known modes,including cellular systems.

The processing module 38 may be part of a vehicle emissions controlsystem such as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/690,719,filed Apr. 20, 2015, incorporated herein by reference, which adjustsengine parameters. The processing module may be a separate unit whichonly monitors and reports information based on sensor data in a VMARsystem.

In addition to reporting NOx sensor data, the program 52 provides aseries of tests based on the acquired sensor data and establishedemissions compliance limits. The emissions compliance limits and thesensor data are compared and sensor data is tested with respect to anemissions compliance limit to determine whether the emissions compliancelimit is exceeded. This assessment accounts for measurement errors andmay be statistically based to identify occurrences of non-compliancewithin error limits. The program 52 calculates and monitors thedifference between a measured level (or an average of measured levels)and a first predetermined emissions compliance limit (e.g., in terms ofmonitored sensor levels). The first predetermined emissions compliancelimit may be chosen to be lower than an actual NO_(x) emissions standardwhich must be met for compliance within a specific political region orunit. The program tracks changes in the calculated difference toascertain whether the measured emissions levels have drifted toward thefirst predetermined compliance limit. The program also uses apredetermined second, lower value to monitor when the measured emissionslevel exceeds a threshold level of concern. The predetermined secondvalue may be chosen to test whether the measured level is relativelyclose to the first predetermined emissions compliance limit such thatimmediate action is necessary or prudent to avoid further increase inemissions which could result in non-compliance. That is, the programtracks whether the emissions level has increased to a point that isrelatively close to and approaching the first predetermined emissionscompliance limit or the actual emissions compliance limit of thepolitical unit.

In one embodiment, emissions data 8 collected within a predetermineddistance of the inspection facility 4 is provided in a format forapproval by the server 10. Whenever the difference between the measuredlevel (or measured level average) and the emissions compliance limitexceeds the predetermined value, the system 2 alerts the driver of thenon-compliance and may identify supporting data in the compliance reportfor diagnosis. The annunciator 44 advises the driver of the change instatus. Similar functions may be performed with the VIMAR system 30 bythe program 52. In addition to detecting and alerting the driver oftrending or an out of compliance condition, the processing program 52reports an alert to the driver if the current value or historicalaggregate data trending suggest that an alarm condition is likely tooccur, e.g., within the next 24 hours, potentially giving the operatortime to service the vehicle before it emits excessive NO_(x).

Another feature of the invention enables interrogation by vehicleemissions inspection authorities to remotely determine vehiclecompliance with emissions standards. To effect this method of assessingcompliance, the VIMAR system 30 monitors incoming modem connectionrequests and responds to requests of one or more inspection authorities,e.g., requests having credentials previously provided to and accepted bythe vehicle owner/operator. The response to a request includes sendingvehicle identification information and current or stored emissions datato the server 10 operating on behalf of an inspection authority. Thismethod enables government run inspection facilities to interrogate avehicle 6 as it approaches an inspection station or other surveillancepoint (e.g., when the compliance report 26 is not initially sent by theVIMAR system 30 in response to the identifying radio signal 16) todetermine an emissions level. Generally, the invention avoids allocationof manpower and time dedicated to stopping and checking vehicles whichare compliant. If a vehicle is compliant the server 10 sends anaffirmation via the transceiver system 14 for the vehicle 6 to proceedwithout stopping. The affirmation would normally be issued on behalf ofthe inspection authority. If the emissions data provided does notconfirm that the vehicle is compliant or if the vehicle does not provideuseful data, the vehicle will not receive the affirmation and permissionto bypass an inspection station. In this case, the driver may berequired to submit the vehicle to undergo manual emissions level testingby inspection authorities.

A system has been described which utilizes the combination of one ormore communications systems, sensors, and a data processing system tomeasure emissions levels and alert either a driver or an owner operatoror a government agency regarding performance and compliance of pollutioncontrol equipment. The system may also provide the owner operator withinformation concerning fuel economy.

Advantageously, the VIMAR system 30 provides timely and early warningsto indicate when a vehicle pollution control system fails to meetrequirements or has begun to drift from optimal performance. The systemalso alerts owners of the equipment when the equipment parameters areoutside a prescribed range so that repairs can be effected before thevehicle is ticketed. When a government inspection or compliance agencyadopts wireless monitoring, emissions monitoring can be had as thevehicle approaches the inspection station or periodically during thesojourn of the vehicle instead of requiring that the vehicle stop atmultiple inspection facilities to undergo time and labor consumingemissions inspections.

Systems have been described to make environmental compliance dataavailable to acquire approval by a roadway inspection authority forvehicle operation. A sensor 34, 36 mounted on the vehicle providessignals indicative of emissions levels generated by the vehicle engine7. For example, NOx emissions may be monitored with a sensor 34positioned in the engine exhaust flow path. A processor based controlmodule, mounted on the vehicle, is coupled to receive and process thesignals while the vehicle is in motion. Also while the vehicle is inmotion, emissions level information is generated for transmission whilethe vehicle is in motion. A radio communications system, comprising theantenna 18 and transceiver 42, is connected, e.g., via a modem, totransmit data received from the processing module in the form of areport into a network 3 for receipt by the roadway inspection authority.In an embodiment of a related method, emissions level compliance isdetermined for the roadway vehicle 6 by acquiring emissions data fromone or more sensors mounted on the vehicle. The sequentially acquiredemissions data is stored or processed on the vehicle 6 to provideemissions information in the form of a compliance report 26 for receiptby the inspection authority. The emissions information 8, 26 istransmitted for approval by the roadway inspection authority via a radiolink between the vehicle 6 and the network 3 to which the inspectionauthority is connected to receive the emissions reporting information.In application, inspection authorities in different political units mayrequest different data or differing presentations of data. It may berequested that only the most recently acquired data be provided. Forexample, the inspection authority may request records of actual datacollected over a most recent thirty minute period with vehicle speeddata, as well as peak emissions levels, minimum emissions levels,average emissions levels and variance during the period. The radiocommunications system, comprising the antenna 18 and transceiver 42, mayalso interface with other networks, including a network operated by thevehicle owner to transmit to the vehicle owner real time emissionsinformation 8 generally, as well as compliance reports 26 sent toinspection authorities.

Although the invention has been described in the context of monitoringNOX emissions, levels, the underlying concepts of the described systemare applicable to monitoring other types of emissions from a variety ofsource types, including other types of vehicle and stationary equipment.The scope of the invention is only limited by the claims which follow.

The claimed invention is:
 1. A system which provides emissions leveldata acquired from an engine (CI engine) operating in a roadway vehiclewhile the vehicle is in motion for automated approval by a roadwayinspection authority, comprising: a sensor mounted to receive signalsindicative of emissions level information from the engine; a processingmodule coupled to (i) receive and process the signals indicative of theemissions level information while the vehicle is in motion and (ii)generate emissions level information while the vehicle is in motion fortransmittal over a network; a radio communications system connected totransmit the emissions level information generated by the processingmodule to a network for receipt by a server associated with aninspection facility or an inspection authority.
 2. The system of claim 1where the processing module operates a program rendering the systemresponsive to receipt of an identifying radio signal by the radiocommunications system, which identifying radio signal (i) identifies anassociation with the inspection facility or the inspection authority and(ii) results in the transmission of the emissions level information forreceipt by the server.
 3. The system of claim 1 where, in operating theprogram, the processing module generates and sends a compliance reportto the server.
 4. The system of claim 1 where the processing modulegenerates and sends a compliance report to the server and providesemissions level data to another network for receipt by an owner oroperator of the vehicle.
 5. A method for confirming emissions levelcompliance of a roadway vehicle, comprising: acquiring emissions datafrom one or more sensors mounted on the vehicle; providing acquiredemissions data to a processing module positioned on the vehicle for dataaccumulation or processing to provide emissions reporting information;and transmitting the emissions reporting information for approval ofvehicle compliance with emissions levels requirements of an inspectionor compliance authority via radio communication between the vehicle anda network to which the authority is connected to receive the emissionsreporting information.
 6. The method of claim 5 where the emissionsreporting information generated by the processing module is sent to aserver at an inspection facility associated with the inspectionauthority.
 7. The method of claim 6 where the steps of providingacquired emissions data and transmitting the emissions reportinginformation for approval include operating a program on a processingmodule which renders the system responsive to receipt of an identifyingradio signal by the radio communications system, which identifying radiosignal (i) identifies the inspection facility and (ii) results in thetransmission of the emissions level information for receipt by theserver.